Italian "immigration literature", novice and still subtle, emerged in the 1990s with considerable delay in comparison to other European countries. This type of literature engages in the elimination of borders and the narration of the untold, speaking of a rebirth, the unfulfillment of a dream and the constant hope for its realization. The authors of this literature utilize reality, autobiography and imagination to create works which portray the connection between current Italy and the past life of the immigrants, a colorful image that, in most cases, has been neglected by Italian authors. In this essay, after exploring the manner of the emergence of "immigration literature", we will try to understand how the host country can become an appropriate fertile ground for ingenuity, how the experience of leaving one's homeland can contribute to the production of a new literary genre and finally how a narrative from far away countries can reflect the dissonances and discords, the constant void inside the immigrant and the sense of alienation interwoven with being. These, alongside other topics by "immigration literature", lead to an identical issue; the lost and divided identity of the immigrant.

Post-Colonial studies is one of the critical approaches of the twentieth century and has been regarded as the continuation of post-structuralism and deconstructionist critique. The origin of post-colonial critique dates back to the postmodern critique and critics such as Derrida and Foucault. The critique, which mainly deconstructs the dual encounters, has prepared a suitable context for post-colonial studies. Nowadays, due to the new communicative media, immigration phenomenon, more than ever has occurred. The wave of new immigrations, as a post-colonial consequence, has been viewed from different points. Immigration literature narrates He life and social, economic and cultural problems of Immigrants, in foreign country. This area of literature and literary critique, which is called “Diaspora”, is regarded one of the new achievements of twenty-first century.

Immigration Persian literature is an important part of Iran's contemporary literature that uses the Narrative genre to express issues and concerns of the immigrants in the host country. This research by using a hybrid approach of Narratology and postcolonial studies attempts to analyze the genre of Immigration Persian novel and endeavors to answer the question whether Immigration Persian literature is a kind of postcolonial Narratology. The research concludes that Immigration Persian literature is postcolonial narrative in kind and is written for defending the minority and the marginalized immigrants in the host country and giving them power and ability to speak. It is written by the postcolonial immigrant author using strong words and form of narrative in the so-called third space. The major concern of the immigrant writer in embracing such a genre is bringing the marginalized immigrant to center and presenting their desires, interests, and especially their narrative.

"Literature of migration" has emerged in the last decades in Italy through a diverse range of migrant writers who were passionate to establish a connection with their host society and receive recognition in the respective context. This literature is consolidated by its own narration from faraway lands, immigration related dissonances and discords, and duality of self, devoting to introduce the reconstructed and retrieved identities of these immigrants. This research will focus on four works by famous women writers and the selection criteria of these works was based on their preoccupation with the phenomenon of pregnancy and motherhood. In addition to the representation of autobiographic significances, the study will emphasize the instrumental role of literature in portraying the phenomena and social changes, and reveal new images portrayed about the future and their surroundings in the heroines' mind. As to mention some of the core issues in this study, we can refer to subjects like the reactions of female protagonists in undesirable situations as unwanted pregnancy, their conscious or unconscious efforts to regain their own rights and the acquisition of a favorable position. As it was expectd, the feminine-oriented thoughts of the selected writers, undoubtedly, originates the anti chauvinism notions in the mind of the protagonists of the mentioned works who are more responsible and skilful than men, and who try to overthrow the inhuman tradition of male supremacy. They are aware of male dominance that has oppressed them for centuries, and struggle to obtain a more pivotal role in the context of their own existence.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organisation ‘participation’, meaning involvement in everyday occupations, has a positive influence on health and wellbeing and lack thereof can lead to negative health consequences. Occupational therapy scholars believe this phenomenon needs exploring with attention to context. Variability is apparent in the way participation has been addressed in the context of voluntary immigration. This review aims to identify how the concept of participation and its association with the health and wellbeing of immigrants is addressed in research literature.Methods: A literature review method was applied. The data bases searched were: PubMed, ASSIA, CINHAL, PsycINFO, AMED, CRD, EBESCO Host, Sociological Abstract, Lexis and EMBASE. Articles that fulfilled all inclusion criteria were critically appraised in order to assess their quality. Sixteen articles from major related databases were included. Qualitative analysis was used throughout.Results: Participation was mostly identified by measuring the number of attendances or self-report of attendance in health-related services or social occupations. Four themes were identified: outlook of participation, contributing factors to participation, approaches to studying immigrants’ participation, and outcomes of participation.Conclusion: Participation lacks a common and exclusive definition that considers both objective and subjective experiences. How immigrants’ backgrounds and future perspectives affect what ‘participation’ means to them needs further exploration. The current publication has identified several contributing factors that need considering in health and social-related policies, plans and strategies. It is significant that enabling factors such as the positive attitude of immigrants, and providing support to immigrants can facilitate their participation pattern.

Immigration literature is one of the most important areas of study in postcolonial theory. Post-colonialism was initially presented as a research branch in cultural studies. The fictional literature of Afghan migration especially those which related to West has the the most elements and components of postcolonial theory, so reading and researching immigration fiction is important based on a postcolonial perspective, especially Edward Saeed's Orientalism. From the point of view of postcolonial theory, this article intends to study the case study of Green, Red, Blue novel from Aref Farman in a descriptive and analytical way. From another point of view, this article analyzes the green, red, blue novel according to the discourse of the "East" versus the "West" which are in contrast and considered as the Self and Other. In this novel the migrant is defined as the Other and the host community as the Self. In green, red, blue, what is important is to disrupt the equation of east and west, which leads to the placement of the "other" in the center. Women are given ‘ Other’ or ‘ second sex’ in the patriarchal culture of Afghanistan which this consideration confirmed the Simone de Beauvoir and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak‘ s opinions. Women are given as subaltern in Afghanistan who never given to speak. Afghan women are marginalized by patriarchal culture and society, as well as by the women by themselves, who place them in multifaceted colonialism.

Some contemporary fiction has been published outside of Iran. The reason for the emigration of many writers abroad is directly related to the issue of politics, as well as the way they are present and the subject, theme, background and origin of an important part of the works they have created are political. Political fiction in immigration is found with the support of political groups, and the first examples are published in political magazines, and later writers create works with relative independence from political groups. They have written the narrative of the contemporary history of Iran. The Constitutional Revolution and its Liberal aspirations, the coup d'é tat 19 August and its endless despair and hopelessness, as well as the Islamic Revolution and various issues surrounding it, including the pre-revolutionary struggles and the process of victory and stabilization of the revolution and the emergence of the Islamic Republic and the Imposed war are of these issues. The main issue of this research is how political fiction literature in migration has evolved. This model, that is, knowing the currents, shows the political and social context of the creation of the work, the focal points of support, the starting point and how the flow spreads and continues. Political fiction seems to begin with citations and revelations about the events and issues surrounding the revolution and the events of the 1980s, and reaches to analytical-critical narratives of contemporary history, especially the revolution and the Islamic Republic.